“Act of God, baby. Fire’s part of nature. … FEMA’s gonna set them up at the Marriott. They’re gonna get room service for two months, premium cable. And they’ll come back, see it all built up bigger, brighter. And then God’s gonna burn it down again, ’cause they don’t belong here in the first place. And the whole thing starts over. It’s the circle of life.”
— Guillermo to Nancy, Weeds (episode 315).“If you looked at the Earth as a living organism as you’re flying into L.A and as you’re passing all these beautiful mountains, and you see the ocean ahead, and it all looks so natural and beautiful, and then you see L.A. and you think, well, what the fuck is that? It’s a growth, that’s cancer. Its big, its brown, it stinks, smokes coming out of it, and it gets bigger every year. And it doesn’t matter what you do, it’s going to keep going, you could knock it down with a hurricane and it just rebuilds. Light it on fire, it rebuilds.”
— Joe Rogan.“Some say a comet
will fall from the sky,
followed by meteor showers
and tidal waves,
followed by fault lines
that cannot sit still,
followed by billions
of dumbfounded dipshits.”
— Tool, Aenema.
I. The Cataclysms.
Since our mother earth was given birth to some 4.6 billion years ago, she has suffered at least five major ice ages. The most recent, known as the Pleistocene Epoch, stretched from a currently-accepted 2,600,000 to roughly 11,700 years ago. During this period the continents were more or less in their current positions, just covered in ice to varying degrees throughout cycles of thawing and refreezing. Some 21,300 years ago the Pleistocene achieved the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and there began a gradual meltdown some — but then, roughly 12,900 years ago, something drastic occurred, something that served to throw us back into a mini ice age for 1,200 years. This period is known as the Younger Dryas, and it lasted from roughly 10,900 to 9,700 BCE.
What caused it, Graham Hancock and Randall Carlson tell us, were fragments of an extraterrestrial object. Some 20,000 years ago, around the time of the LGM on our icy island earth, a comet roughly 62 miles in diameter arrived from deep space, taking up an orbit around the sun that crosses the orbit of the earth for twelve days twice a year. For some reason, the comet broke into multiple fragments we now call the Taurids meteor stream, but they nonetheless maintained the original orbit. These meteor showers arrive first in late June, early July, from the direction of the sun, and again in late October or early November.
On one of those two annual occasions in circa 10,980 BCE, a series of meteors left the Taurid flock and headed on a collision course with the earth. As the meteor broke up, fragments impacted both the Northern European ice cap and an area in Syria, but the most devastating impacts were at least four fragments roughly two kilometers in diameter that hit the one-to-two-mile-thick North American ice cap. It melted quickly, causing massive floodwaters that carried along not only sediment but icebergs that scraped across the land, grinding the landscape and leaving behind scars still evident today. The impact also evaporated part of the ice sheet and shot water vapor into the atmosphere, where it mixed with the cloud of ash and produced torrential acid rainfall for days, perhaps weeks, with violent winds to boot. There was a rapid rise in sea level, perhaps 30 feet globally in a day, 400 feet within a year.
In Europe, Russia, Egypt, and Australia there is an 18 inch “black mat layer” of ash and debri in the soil called the Usselo Horizon right on the Younger Dryas Boundary. At the base of the layer were found “impact proxies,” essentially the same as the contents of the KT boundary, left over by the comet believed to have killed the dinosaurs: nano-diamonds, melt glass, iridium, extraterrestrial helium and carbon spherules. These contents can only be caused by cosmic collisions. The rest of the layer is black, carbonaceous ash left over in the wake of the wildfires that raged across continents due to the comet’s ejecta — that is, the ice or soil native to earth that was thrown up and out and far and wide as consequence of the impact.
Atop that black mat rested the bones of the survivors of the cataclysm, beneath it a graveyard of species: victims of a mass extinction event that claimed 75% of all animals in North America, including 120 megafauna, or large mammals, as well as 75% of the Clovis Paleo-Indian population. In addition, there were wooly mammoths found with broken legs, some of whom still had food in their mouths, as if they were suddenly killed by the force of the impact.
After a few hot years there then came a deadly cold. Two explanations have been proposed for this. First, the floodwaters may have interrupted the Gulf Stream, effectively switching off the central heating system of our planet. It may have also been the case that the dust blown up in the wake of the impacts had gathered around the earth, blanketing her from the sun. Regardless of the precise causes, she then plunged into the Younger Dryas for 1,200 years, which brought the global temperature down to depths exceeding the most frigid point of the Pleistocene.
This uber-freeze ended abruptly at around 9,700 BCE, when temperatures again skyrocketed and we again had instant, massive flooding and a rising sea level — this time, however, there was no subsequent, swift and severe thousand-plus-year chill. Suspicious of the dramatic heat spike, Hancock suspects the culprit may have been a second series of impacts from the Taurids. They may have hit the Pacific ocean this time, vaporizing water and sending it into the atmosphere, enshrouding the earth and creating the greenhouse effect, hence the rising temperature, the melting of more glaciers, more torrential rains, and another round of massive flooding. Robert Schoch invests in another hypothesis, however, namely that this second spike in warming was caused by a solar flare, which could also have caused mass destruction and ended the Younger Dryas.
Whatever the case, ice core samples from Antarctica and Greenland both confirm that there were two warming spikes, one that took place in 10,900 BCE and another in 9,700 BCE, both causing massive flooding. The impact hypothesis is still debated, however, though not to the degree to which Hancock and Carlson’s addition hypothesis does.
II. The Lost Civilization.
It was some 300,000 years ago, within the frigid womb of the global, winter wonderland of the Pleistocene, that anatomically modern Homo Sapiens are believed to have emerged from their early ancestors and ultimately weathered the hellstorm of the Younger Dryas. Prior to and during this global cataclysm, we are told, there was no civilization. Instead, all human beings had organized themselves into small, nomadic, roughly-egalitarian bands that carried light as they moved around in fixed territories in response to the seasonal availability of food to hunt and gather. We began to leave Africa in waves of migrations and slowly spread across the globe.
Just after the Younger Dryas, however, around 10 to 8,000 BCE, the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution began in different regions of the Fertile Crescent and then happened independently in various locations worldwide. This was when we transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary agrarians who practiced farming and animal domestication, which ultimately led to the first complex civilizations around 3,000 BCE.
There are many who argue that the above, widely-accepted view of human progression throughout our history is incomplete and misleading, however, and that there is suggestion that civilization existed well before 3,000 BCE. Proponents of this hypothesis speak of a global, advanced “lost civilization” or “mother culture” that once spanned the globe. For long Hancock has argued this, and that for reasons unknown “we are a species with amnesia.” Now he and Carlson jointly posit that these events at 10,900 BCE and 9,700 BCE are what served as the reset button, bringing humankind down in numbers, wiping the slate clean of civilization and delivering us back to the hunter-gatherer state.
It was the Bright Insight channel on YouTube that first brought me to exploring the question of such a lost civilization in general, and he provides a few useful examples of how quickly evidence of our own culture could vanish if we were suddenly struck with such a cataclysm today. Subsequent internet searches turned up a good number of articles on the subject, most of which reference the book The World Without Us, by Alan Weisman, which I’ve now added to my list of must-read books.
In any case, the force of the initial impacts and continental wildfires would have destroyed much evidence of such a civilization. As glaciers melted, floodwaters would carry melting glaciers, their weight crushing the land and any artifacts or structures on it as it carried the remnants downstream, which would then serve to bury any surviving structures. If it then re-froze just to melt and flood again a little over a thousand years later, that would just mean more flooding, more glaciers scraping across the landscape, leaving behind very little evidence of any civilization that could have been there.
Anything that dodged the initial destruction would have been reclaimed by nature in due time. If a similar catastrophe happened to our own civilization, for instance, our houses would deteriorate rather quickly, with the shingles and caulk lasting up to 30 years. Wood and brick homes would rapidly deteriorate within a few decades. Other products of our civilization would last longer, of course, but perhaps not as long as you might suspect. As Bright Insight points out on numerous occasions throughout his videos, one need only to look at the Titanic, which has been submerged under the Atlantic ocean since 1912, to see how quickly traces of our existence might vanish. In a little over a hundred years the more than 50,000 tons of steel and iron out of which it is constructed has largely disintegrated and it is thought that it will be entirely gone within two decades. Aside from windshields, which may last up to a million years until they are ground to dust, all other components of our automobiles would be gone in under a thousand years. It would take about as long for our garbage to break down as well: cotton, thread and rope would be gone in roughly a year; nylon, leather shoes and tin cans within half a century; plastic within a thousand years. Well within 13 thousand years, most evidence of lost civilization would be washed away by the sands of time — save for things made of stone. For us, the longest living structure would be the Hoover dam, which would perish in roughly ten thousand years.
Still, this is based on the assumption that humanity would just disappear off the face of the earth today. The reboot hypothesis posits that there was an advanced, global civilization that was snuffed out by global calamity, however, and clearly not that humans perished altogether. Though our populations were reduced and we were thrown back into the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, we survived and climbed towards re-establishing civilization — and in so doing, we may have also contributed to eliminating evidence of our lost civilization, or in the very least confusing such evidence.
Though to my knowledge Hancock does not believe any of the known stone structures across the world predate the Younger Dryas, he nonetheless believes that they may be dated incorrectly, and his suspicion seems reasonable. The issue is that they cannot date the stone directly, and so must rely on organic material associated with the structures, which may in fact only be evidence of the most recent of many tenants. As for the structures themselves, they may be far older. To add more confusion, history has shown that if a city is abandoned and another culture occupies it, they may alter monuments (as is thought to have occurred with the head of the Sphinx) or build upon the ancient structures. On other occasions, ancient structures are destroyed to use their materials for modern structures, such as when people stole limestone from the pyramids on Egypt. Such structures may even be demolished in favor of building new ones, as Graham Hancock has also explained. After conquering enemies, the triumphant often destroy statues or demolish cities, too. New religions may behave in a similar manner, not only outlawing the old religions and torturing and killing those who refuse to convert, but by burning manuscripts, annihilating tablets and toppling the old temples as well.
If stone structures are either submerged beneath water or buried beneath sand or earth, however, dating can be more reliable. This is good news, as such an advanced civilization probably would have set up its population centers much as we have, which is to say that it would have been along the coastline during the ice age. If any submerged structures were found today, we know they could be no younger than the time of the rise in sea level. The issue, Hancock argues, is that marine biologists appear to be more interested in exploring shipwrecks, and given that archaeologists don’t believe such a civilization existed 12,000 years ago, they don’t bother looking.
Which brings us to burial, specifically intentional burial. Stone structures cannot be directly dated, but if they are intentionally buried we can date the time at which that occurred. Just as the structures must be at least as old as the rise in sea level, the structure must be at least as old as the time of burial. This is precisely the circumstance we are in with respect to Gobekli Tepe — which turned out to be 11,600 years old, dating back to the very end if the Younger Dryas.
III. Death and Rebirth.
Assuming they saw it coming, the wealthy and powerful elite might have prepared underground cities, fled to mountaintops, or taken other measures to ensure the survival of select members of their civilization and the vast knowledge they had accumulated throughout their reign. Those who were not the elite would have perhaps been left in the dark and on the coastline to fend for themselves.
In one of his visits to the Joe Rogan podcast, Carlson asks us to imagine how survivors would manage and offers up Katrina as useful, small-scale model. Some people would organize into groups and work together, committing acts of heroism, as others would be possessed by barbarism, looting, destroying and raping as they made their merry way. It was also mentioned in one of these podcasts with Hancock and Carlson that hunter-gatherers likely existed alongside this lost civilization much as they have managed to exist alongside our own, albeit in frighteningly dwindling numbers. They would have also been far more likely to survive such a cataclysm than those dependent on advanced culture and many of the surviving members of the obliterated civilization would have perhaps been assimilated into those tribes.
After survivors organized into groups or assimilated into existing hunter-gatherer tribes, they would then establish towns, and finally — perhaps with the assistance of the elite, descending from the mountains and emerging from their subterranean hideaways — begin to rebuild civilization. In other words, what we see in the wake of the Younger Dryas may not be the budding moments of civilization, as traditionally thought, but rather a reconstruction effort aiming to conjure the phoenix from the ashes.
An example of this education and reconstruction effort, posits Hancock, is Gobekli Tepe, which is dated at just the end of the Younger Dryas, around 9,600 BCE. Located in Turkey and uncovered in 1995, it is the worlds oldest and largest megalithic structure, only 5% of which has been excavated as detected by ground-penetrating radar. It is composed of stone circles with two pillars at the center adorned in “high relief” carvings of animals and abstract symbols not associated with spoken language. It is the only known structure to align perfectly with north and south and also aligns with various constellations. The site was utilized for roughly 1,000 years before it was intentionally buried and became a hill.
The knowledge reflected in the structure, the scale of the operation as well as the efforts required to bury the site, as Hancock argues, suggests that these were not mere hunter-gatherers just transitioning to agriculture. Such a structure would require specialists with advanced knowledge in astronomy, honed talents such as how to carve, lift and position the stone and the ability to support and organize a large work force, implying not only a more advanced society based on agriculture but a gradual learning process.
Hancock believes that survivors of the lost civilization — people who had earned the knowledge and mastered such skill over a long period of time — came into that area and applied the knowledge they had inherited from their doomed civilization to guide the locals in building the place. It served as a sort of university, he speculated, where they could hand down the secrets of civilization to them. It may be the area where the civilizational reboot first occurred.
Despite my intuitive sense that our present civilization is doomed to collapse, I remain uncertain if civilization has undergone cycles of death and rebirth in the past as the lost civilization hypothesis proposes. In any case, I find it damned interesting. I also think there are advantages in entertaining and exploring the idea even if it turns out to be bogus, as it helps to realize how fragile our way of life really is despite our sense of mastery over nature. Its also interesting to think how we as individuals as well as a civilization may have lived and died many times and in many forms — and how our history may stretch back farther and be far more complex than we’ve dared to imagine.